Laissez-Faire Economy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bioethics Case Study Review essays

Bioethics Case Study Review articles Family Wishes and Harm to the Patient We know about the accompanying realities for Katherine's situation: 1.Katherine is in an insensible state. In the wake of capturing a few times, she stayed lethargic and apparently irreversibly oblivious. After different entanglements, her state advanced to slow multisystem disappointment. She was past the capacity of encountering the weight of agony by her vegetative state 2.Katherine had not made it understood by composed mandates nor conveyed a particular guidelines to her family (apparent by the reality they are in contradiction) about pulling back life-continuing medicines in the event that she at any point turned out to be irreversibly oblivious and lost dynamic limit. 3.The intermediary, for this situation the family, must depend on the sensible treatment standard on the grounds that Katherine's desires were rarely plainly conveyed. Following the third revival and advancement of multisystem disappointment, the family differ on further treatment judgments. The counsel board of trustees explained choices, however hesitation endured. Understanding was in the long run reached. 4.Proxy choices viewing life-supporting medicines were as per the following: a. After second revival and incapacitated state: ventilation, tube-feed reliance, and long haul care office for full treatment b. Stayed incapacitated and grew moderate multisystem disappointment (slow biting the dust procedure): end of intrusive treatment yet proceeded with ventilation and taking care of c. Improvement of loss of motion of the gut: keep taking care of 5.The supplier consented to the family's conclusions. 6.Katherine kicked the bucket from feculent emesis and huge desire after just ventilation was practiced and all other treatment ended. We are likewise mindful of the accompanying great and terrible highlights of the case: 1.Without the life supporting treatment (for example ventilator, tube taking care of) Katherine would bite the dust, and demise is in every case terrible. Nonetheless, Katherine is out cold and the awful connected with death is decreased by t... <!

How to Integrate the Impact Effort Matrix

How to Integrate the Impact Effort Matrix EP 41: How to Integrate the Impact Effort Matrix into Your Study Routine EP 41: How to Integrate the Impact Effort Matrix into Your Study Routine When you are in a time crunch it can seem like everything is urgent. Maybe you have to get a paper in, you have to clean your house, and you have to study for an exam on Tuesday. All of these tasks seem important and, in a sense, URGENT. In cases like this, it can help to have a tool like the Impact Effort Matrix you help you make decisions about where your focus should be. Join us on Episode 41 for more on how to increase your productivity during crunch time. Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:00] Hi guys and welcome back to our channel. My name is Cath Anne and this is the Homework Help Show hosted by Homework Help Global. Cath Anne: [00:00:15] University and college programs are challenging. We all know that we start this semester and we fill out our planners, we make appointments on our phone, and we have the best intentions to do the most with the time that we have. However it comes to the end of the semester and generally we are dealing with a time crunch. Despite our best intentions there is not always enough time to complete all the tasks provided. And today we wanted to provide you for a tool that you can implement into your life in order to manage the time crunch. Cath Anne: [00:00:55] Weve all been there chugging coffee at 12 AM, propping yourself up on your desk in class, trying not to fall asleep, and sneaking in a quick nap on the couch. Dont worry youre not alone. Sometimes theres just not enough time to complete every task that youre assigned. We know that now is a time crunch for some of you guys. So we wanted to jump in and give you a tool that you can implement into your life right away so that you can manage your time a little bit better and set some priorities for this crunch time. [00:01:29] Now, I wanted to give a shout out to YouTuber and all around awesome guy Thomas Frank for this tool which is called the Impact effort matrix. This is a tool that he developed on his own from another persons matrix to get tasks done. If you want to check out more of Thomas Franks info and some of his awesome content you can check him out on college info geek dot com and also look him up on his YouTube channel. He has all kinds of different information about how to maximize your time in university and college and how to be the best student you can be. [00:02:08] Lets dive into the impact effort matrix. When youre in a time crunch it can seem like everything is urgent. Maybe you have a paper due tomorrow. You have to clean your house and you have to study for an exam on Tuesday. In cases like this it can help to have a tool like the impact effort matrix in order to decide where your efforts should be put and where your attention should be placed. Lets discuss. In the impact effort matrix tasks are assigned a score dependent on their overall impact for the success of a project as well as the effort it will take to complete that task. [00:02:47] Let me give you an example so that you can then get an idea of how the impact effort matrix may fit into your life. Pretend youre working on an assignment a final paper is required for your Psychology 101 class. Your professor would like a research proposal based on potential research that you are going to conduct. But this weekend you also have that project. Your family is celebrating your brothers birthday which you would like to attend. And you also have an exam to study for that is due on Tuesday. In this case you decide to use the impact effort matrix in order to prioritize your time and the various tasks that you are required to complete. For the research proposal you are required to complete a 3000 word essay composed of all of the components of a research proposal. You know that one of the important components is the research question along with the literature review and the method section. These components of the paper will make up the bulk of the paper. In other words they will make the biggest impact. You know that your professor is focusing on these portions of the paper so you decide to make them priority number one. They will take a high amount of effort and they will have a big impact. So these will fit into a high effort high impact quadrant in the impact effort matrix. Second, you also know that your professor will be looking for appropriate references. You also know that if you dont include appropriate references you may be accused of plagiarism if you do not say your references properly. Youre familiar with how to do APA format and you know that the references will make a high impact. In this case, adding proper references will make a high impact with a little effort. Your professor has also offered a bonus option of including an interesting podcast portion of the assignment in which you justify your research proposal to a colleague your professor has offered a 5% bonus in addition to the grade that you get on your paper. However you recognize that this would take a lot of effort to implement and to organize. So you choose to opt out of this one. [00:05:07] When deciding to apply the impact effort matrix there are some components you should consider. They Are the following: What the core deliverables are, the grading criteria for the project and which components count for the highest grade, what percentage of your grade each assignment counts for, how much each component will contribute to the knowledge you have and which will help you do the best on your exam in the future. Now, in order to properly use the impact effort matrix, once you have assigned scores to each of the tasks, then you have to do them of course. [00:05:41] It is the most important to focus on the highest impact and the highest effort tasks first. Completing the task so it falls into this quadrant first its important because you want to use all of your energy to focus on the high impact, high effort tasks first and then youll have energy left over to focus on smaller tasks. As we know we are all really busy with school. It can take a lot of energy to focus on a lot of different projects and so we want to make sure that all of our energy is going into the efforts that have the biggest impact. Cath Anne: [00:06:13] Okay so thats it for me this week guys. I hope this episode is a benefit. As always if you have any questions leave them in the comments below. If you liked this video make sure to give it a thumbs up and subscribe to our channel so you dont miss out on any of our content. If youre looking to check out any more of our content look at the description box below. All other social media platforms are linked there so that you can gain access to our content into our website and services. Thanks guys again I hope this episode was of benefit. Good luck on your crunch time. Have a great week and take care.

Land Biomes Taigas (Boreal Forests)

Biomes are the worlds major habitats. These habitats are identified by the vegetation and animals that populate them. The location of each biome is determined by the regional climate. What Are Taigas? Taigas, also called boreal forests or coniferous forests, are forests of dense evergreen trees that extend across North America, Europe, and Asia.  They are the worlds largest land biome. Covering much of the globe, these forests play a significant role in the nutrient cycle of carbon by removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and using it to generate organic molecules through photosynthesis. Carbon compounds circulate in the atmosphere and influence global climates. Climate The climate in the taiga biome is extremely cold. Taiga winters are long and harsh with temperatures averaging below freezing. The summers are short and cool with temperatures ranging between 20 to 70 F. The annual precipitation is usually between 15 to 30 inches, mostly in the form of snow. Because the water remains frozen and unusable to plants for most of the year, taigas are considered to be dry regions. Locations Some locations of taigas include: AlaskaCentral CanadaEuropeNorthern Asia - Siberia Vegetation in Taigas Due to cold temperatures and slow organic decomposition, taigas have thin, acidic soil. Coniferous, needle-leaf trees abound in the taiga. These include pine, fir, and spruce trees, which are also popular choices for Christmas trees. Other species of trees include the deciduous beech, willow, poplar and adler trees. Taiga trees are well suited for their environment. Their cone-like shape allows snow to fall off more easily and prevents branches from breaking under the weight of the ice. The shape of the leaves of the needle-leaf conifers and their waxy coating helps to prevent water loss. Wildlife Few species of animals live in the taiga biome due to the extremely cold conditions. The taiga is home to various seed eating animals like finches, sparrows, squirrels and jays. Large herbivore mammals including elk, caribou, moose, musk ox, and deer can also be found in taigas. Other taiga animals include hares, beavers, lemmings, minks, ermines, geese, wolverines, wolves, grizzly bears and various insects. Insects play an important role in the food chain  in this biome as they act as decomposers and are prey for other animals, especially birds. To escape the harsh conditions of winter, many animals like squirrels and hares burrow underground for shelter and warmth. Other animals, including reptiles and grizzly bears, hibernate through the winter. Still other animals like elk, moose, and birds migrate to warmer regions during winter.

The Great Writers Of The Victorian And Elizabethan Eras

Sydney Doolittle Ms. Poth British Literature 12 November 2014 Teach the Truth We must not believe the many, who say that only free people ought to be educated, but we should rather believe the philosophers who say that only the educated are free. Epictetus Imagine- though it may be difficult- an English teacher, who is very enthusiastic about her work. She couldn’t be more excited to share her love of literature with her students. Imagine further, if you will, that she is teaching a class entitled ‘British Literature’ in which the students will be taken through the history of the English language and its greatest works, from the Anglo-Saxon origins to the times of Shakespeare and beyond. Her class will focus on the great writers of the Victorian and Elizabethan eras and will uncover the beautiful poetry of Romantics such as Lord Byron and John Keats. Making her way through such a vast array of literature is, of course, no easy task and she must work diligently to ensure that her students can fully comprehend the works in their proper histor ical context. Imagine now, that this teacher faces constant interruption and unnecessary questioning. Her students are continually distracted and confused by a group of politically connected and well funded people who assert that England never really existed. They proclaim that humans first existed only in North America and that all of the world’s leading historians and scientists are in factShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Being Earnest Focus On The Lives Of Men1609 Words   |  7 Pagesnot be any more different from one another as far as their writings go and even more so with their personalities. Of course, it is important to note that any good writer has a part of them being reflected in their work. Their difference could be just due them being different individuals with different personality traits. However, the era in which they wrote and lived have greatly influenced what they wrote about and why. The plays Hamlet and The Importance of Being Earnest focus on the live s of menRead MoreComparing Human Nature in Macbeth and Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde1596 Words   |  7 Pagesstrange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was written in the Victorian Era by Robert Louis Stevenson, this novella dwells into the concept of the duality of human nature. The narrative is extremely fragmented structure due to the use of multiple narrators and through the use of mixed media, in the form of letters and accounts. The inconsistent structure conveys that of a gothic detective story; which were very popular in the Victorian era. Victorian London at the time was the largest city in the world,Read MoreLiterary Group in British Poetry5631 Words   |  23 PagesAges 3 The Renaissance in England 3.1 Early Renaissance poetry 3.2 The Elizabethans 3.2.1 Elizabethan Song 3.2.2 Courtly poetry 3.2.3 Classicism 3.3 Jacobean and Caroline poetry 3.3.1 The Metaphysical poets 3.3.2 The Cavalier poets 4 The Restoration and 18th century 4.1 Satire 4.2 18th century classicism 4.3 Women poets in the 18th century 4.4 The late 18th century 5 The Romantic movement 6 Victorian poetry 6.1 High Victorian poetry 6.2 Pre-Raphaelites, arts and crafts, Aestheticism, and the YellowRead MoreAnalysis Of A Room Of Ones Own By Virginia Woolf1691 Words   |  7 PagesIn her book A Room of One’s Own, (which is actually extrapolated from a series of lectures), author Virginia Woolf sets forth her thesis that a woman has to have money and a room of her own if she is to be a productive writer. She then offers up fictionalized scenarios of how females were oppressed in her lifetime (the book was published in 1929) and even provides a fictionalized, albeit probably accurate, accounting of how this oppression in the 20th century is a continuation of historical femaleRead MoreHomosexuality in Victorian and Elizabethan Literature.6608 Words   |  27 PagesYu 5.17.12 Homosexuality Portrayed in Literature: Threat To Yourself and Those Around You The Victorian era and Elizabethan era had many homophobic attributes, just as todays society does. Gothic writers of the Victorian Age played off of the fear and immorality of homosexuality and used those feelings as a basis for their novels. Bram Stoker told a story about a vampire that challenged the Victorian gender roles and managed to reverse them, making men faint like women, and making women powerfulRead MoreAnalysis Of Tess Of The D And All My Sons And Othello 3476 Words   |  14 PagesThis concept of unequal love has been explored by all three writers Hardy, Miller and Shakespeare in ‘Tess of the d’Urbervilles’, ‘All My Sons’ and ‘Othello’ even though they were all written over different eras. The play Othello was written between 1601 and 1604 in England and was first published in 1622. The play was set in the late sixteenth century, during the wars between Venice and Turkey. This took place during the Renaissance era in whi ch women had very few legal rights and their choices wereRead MoreA Brief History of English Literature1782 Words   |  8 Pageshistory of English literature 1. Anglo-Saxon literature Written in Old English c.650-c.1100. Anglo-Saxon poetry survives almost entirely in four manuscripts. Beowulf is the oldest surviving Germanic epic and the longest Old English poem; other great works include The Wanderer, The Battle of Maldon, and The Dream of the Rood. Notable prose includes the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a historical record begun about the time of King Alfred ´s reign (871-899) and continuing for more than three centuries. Authors:Read More Shakespeares World Essay3144 Words   |  13 Pagesand performs the works of William Shakespeare. No writer of any country, nor any age, has ever enjoyed such universal popularity. Neither has any writer been so praised. As William Hazlitt observed, quot;The most striking peculiarity of Shakespeares mind was its generic quality, its power of communication with all other minds.quot; It is perhaps this quality that has earned Shakespeare the supreme accolade, that of lending his name to an era. Other than a monarch or an emperor, few can boastRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare is a renowned poet, playwright and actor. 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The poems I will talk about are The Flea by John Donne (1572-1631), To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell (1621-78), The Sick Rose by William Blake (1757-1827), A Woman To Her Lover by Christina Walsh in the Victorian era and Upon Julias Clothes

Culture-Specific Theories and Practices of Management Free Essays

Introduction In the prevailing business environment which is marked by high level of competitiveness and a challenging international free market economy, business managers are required to have global cultural understanding skills in addition to their domestic cultural ones alone. Chen and Eastman (1997 p.454) mention: â€Å"despite differences in the level of analysis and standpoints of organizations versus subgroups, both the integration and differentiation perspectives on organizational culture are inadequate to address cultural conflicts associate with demographic diversity. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture-Specific Theories and Practices of Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Considering the importance of cultural understanding in business management, this essay embarks on a quest to understand the characteristics of Chinese culture, which are relevant to management. It will highlight the implications of those characteristics for business managers. The essay will incorporate the author’s reflection upon two videos regarding life in China. The first one is titled â€Å"Shanghai Quest† by Kim Taylor and the second is â€Å"Man Zou: From Beijing to Shanghai† by Ian Connors Jason Reid The Culture Concept Culture is complex and multi-dimensional. Culture is far too complex to be defined in simple terms (Hall, 1976). Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952) have identified more than 160 different definitions of culture in their study. One of the earliest definition of culture in academia in that of Tylor (1887) who defines it as a â€Å"complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law customs and other capabilities, and habits acquired by a man as a member of a society†. A recent and widely cited definition is that of Hofstede (1980). He defines culture as â€Å"the interactive aggregate of common characteristics that influence a group’s response to its environment.† He redefined culture as â€Å"the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group or category of people from another†¦..Culture, in this sense, includes systems of values; and values are among the building blocks of culture† (Hofstede, 1984). Culture and Business Management The business culture of a society is not just an outcome of its economic system. More often, it is to the contrary i.e. the economic life is shaped by the cultural foundation of a society. The videos viewed as part of this work, lead to that conclusion. All the three individuals in the documentary â€Å"Shanghai Quest† were struggling and trying to be successful entrepreneurs in their respective fields of interest in Shanghai, China. Shanghai’s quest towards urbanization and industrialization was an important cultural characteristic of the city that helped them throughout their way in seeking out opportunities. Geert Hofstede, a renowned management thinker was among the first researchers to conclude that culture impacts upon the management styles of different economies. According to Hofstede (1984, 1991), culture can be distinguished by five fundamental dimensions. Hofstede, who was a one-time employee at IBM, conducted a survey of more than 116,000 IBM employees across seventy two different countries spread across different regions in the world. He developed an index ranging from 0-100 for each of his five cultural dimensions in order to measure and compare cultural differences among different nations. His five cultural dimensions are: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism, masculine/feminine and long-term versus short-term orientation. Small vs. large power distance (PDI): The extent to which less powerful people accept that power is distributed unequally, that others have more power Individualism vs. collectivism (IDV): Individualism is the tendency of people to look after themselves; collectivism to look after the members of their society in exchange for loyalty Masculinity vs. femininity (MAS): Masculinity: dominant values are success, competition, and money Feminity: dominant values are caring for others Weak vs. strong uncertainty avoidance (UAI): The extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs or institutions to avoid these feelings Long vs. short term orientation (LTO): The extent to which people attach value to their future against their past or their present. Long term oriented cultures give more value to actions and attitudes affecting the future in contrast to the short term oriented cultures.[1] China’s indices for these cultural dimensions are illustrated in the following figure (fig.1). (Source: www.geert-hofstede.com) Small vs. large power distance (PDI) China scores high in power distance index indicating that the country has a high cultural tendency to accept differencees in individuals’ powers within their society. It implies that in China, the respect for elders is widely ingrained in their culture and both the leaders as well as the followers endorse society’s level of inequality. In term of business management, seniority demands respect and obedience. Elders are more likely to become leaders and considered as substantial role models. In doing business with Chinese people, it would be vital to win the confidence of authoritative and significant personals and appease them. While communicating with them, it would be ideal to use specific titles, with a high emphasis on respect and consideration for hierarchy and authority. Individualism vs. collectivism (IDV) On the individualism index, China scores only 20 points indicating the country is highly collectivist. It implies that Chinese people have great consideration for others; they keep the interest of others in mind while doings things and encourage the phenomenon of unity. They believe that groups are primary unit of survival rather than individuals. The connotation ‘we’ is deeply ingrained in their psyche, determining an individual to be in a surrounding which he/she owns and incorporates with. Chinese people tend to do everything collectively. The ‘we’ awareness persists in their workplace and they would be most happy in doing team work and group work. Hofstede (1980) mentions that in societies with a high level of collectivism, people tend to depend emotionally upon their outer circle. In business, themes such as loyalty, community relations, national identity, and family are of great significance. The Chinese collectivism is reflected in the Shanghai Quest video when ‘Benji’ speaks with Chinese fellows in their native language. He is often seen to be positively remarked upon that. The Chinese people value the idea that a foreigner speaks to them in their native language fluently, as for them it reflects a sense of familiarity and unity. Masculinity vs. femininity (MAS) Masculinity index is often seen to correspond with the power distant index. Societies with a high power distance index usually have a higher masculinity index in which more emphasis is towards success, competition and wealth. China, and specially Shanghai, is on a verge of mass industrialization and urbanization. As mentioned in the second video â€Å"Man Zou: From Beijing to Shanghai†, Shanghai is the city that China wants to portray to the entire world as the country’s face due to its contribution to the rapidity of China’s urbanization and industrialization. The forces of urbanization and industrialization incur a higher level of masculinity in the city and overall country’s culture. Weak vs. strong uncertainty avoidance (UAI) In uncertainty avoidance index, China scores a low of 30 points. It implies that Chinese people are generally risk taking people and feel less threatened by ambiguous situations. They are willing to wander in uncharted waters, try new things, and experiment. This is clearly reflected in the case on the three individuals from the first video. One of them is from US, who has also lived in England for 6 years, and Australia for 2 years, before settling in China. He wants to be an American-Chinese pop star and a performing entertainer, having his foot in TV, videos, modeling, commercial etc. He mentions that it is pretty unusual and for the first time that an American wants to be a Chinese singer. It brings an element of uncertainty and risks. The second person portrayed in the videos in from Paris and was raised mostly in Britain and he being all over the world. He wants to be entrepreneur, exporting of the self item to buyers across the globe. The third one is a dancer, who provides hi s services as a party entertainer along with his girlfriend. The provision of opportunities for all these individuals reflects that cultural characteristics of China in accepting new phenomena, changes, versatility, adventuring and experimentation. Chinese people are adapting and entrepreneurial. The commentary of the second videos also coincides with the same view. The commentator mentions that â€Å"China makes you present all the time. It’s a country on a fast track towards urbanization and industrialization. It’s a Place to be. It’s a happening place.† Long vs. short term orientation (LTO) China’s high score on long term orientation index reflects its focus upon persistence and perseverance. In economic terms, it implies that investments and business decisions tend to base on the provision of long term stability and benefits. Their thinking ways focus on either complete or no-confidence rather than on probabilistic views. Conclusion The aforementioned cultural traits have a deep impact upon the Chinese economic system. They also impact upon how Chinese people conduct business in the international arena and how global businesses should engage with them. Moreover, these cultural dimensions have implications for communication, leadership development, human resource management and decision making processes involving Chinese. References Chen, C. C., W. Eastman (1997). Toward a Civic Culture for Multicultural Organizations. Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, 33,454-470. Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. Doubleday. New York Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work related values. Sage. Newbury Park Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work related values (Abridged ed.) CA: Sage. Beverly Hills, Kroeber, A. L and Kluckhohn,C. (1952) Culture: A critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. Paper of Peobody Museum of American Archeology 47 (1) Tylor, E (1871) Origins of Culture. Harper and Row. NY. [1] These cultural differences are a representation of averages or tendencies and not the precise individual characteristics belonging to a society. How to cite Culture-Specific Theories and Practices of Management, Essay examples

Tools Techniques Pareto Charts Essay Example For Students

Tools Techniques Pareto Charts Essay Tools Techniques Praetor Charts As a decision-making tool, the Praetor chart provides facts and insights necessary for setting priorities. Vilified Praetor was an Italian economist credited with establishing what is now widely known as the Praetor Principle. It is also known as the 80/20 Rule (sigmas, 2006). When Praetor discovered the principle in 1906, he established that 80% of the land in Italy was owned by of the population. Later, Praetor discovered his principle was valid in other parts of his elite, such as gardening. For example, 80% of his garden peas were produced by of the peapod. The 80/20 Rule is not literal. The ratios may vary. Rather than an even to ratio the exact percentage may be to 18%, or to 22%. However as a Rule of thumb it is common practice to refer to an 80% to 20% ratio. On their website showing examples of the Praetor charts and the 80/20 Rule, sigmas provides several examples of common applications for the 80/20 Rule of process defects arise from 20% of the process issues. Of your sales force produces Of your company revenues. Of delays in schedule arise from 20% of the possible causes of the delays. Of customer complaints arise from 20% Of your products or services. Robbers in order to aid in decision making. However paraphrased; a Praetor chart is a simple management tool with broad business applications. Praetor charts organize and display information to show the relative importance of various problems. It is essentially a special form of a vertical bar chart that puts items in order from the highest to the lowest relative to another measu rable quantity such as frequency, cost, or time. Placing the items in descending order of frequency makes it easy to discern Robbers that are tot greatest importance or those causes that appear to account for most of the variation. We will write a custom essay on Tools Techniques Pareto Charts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Thus, a Praetor chart helps individuals or teams to focus their efforts where they can have the greatest potential impact. Praetor charts are useful in establishing priorities by showing which are the most critical problems to be tackled or causes to be addressed. Comparing Praetor charts of a given situation over time can also determine whether an implemented solution reduced the relative frequency or cost of that problem or cause. Trends can be Observed. A Praetor Chart is basically a vertical bar graph showing problems in a prioritize order, so it can be determined Which problems should be tackled first. When making decisions it is often useful to make Praetor Charts of data collected over a set time period. The first Step would be to list the problems identified for a particular problem. Data is collected for the variable elements of the units to be measured and displayed. New or existing data are grouped by consistent units of measure. The attributes to be charted are arranged so as to fall under one category only. Units of measure are labeled and displayed on the left vertical axis. The categories are labeled and displayed on the horizontal axis. Categories are plotted according to frequency, starting from the vertical axis using the highest numbers first. Categories that appear indifferently are grouped under other to avoid confusion, The Coast Guard Process Improvement Guide (2006) cautions measurement units can significantly affect a Praetor chart. The same units of measure must be used. They should be clearly marked. Also the other category, if used, should be no more than 25% of the data. When to use a Praetor Chart Praetor charts are typically used to prioritize competing or conflicting problems, so that resources are allocated to the most significant areas. .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609 , .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609 .postImageUrl , .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609 , .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609:hover , .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609:visited , .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609:active { border:0!important; } .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609:active , .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609 .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucdf564660424751250955f15e2e13609:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kilauea Hawaii EssayThey can be used to determine which of several classifications have the most value or cost associated with them. An example would be the number Of people using the various outdoor Tams versus each of the indoor teller locations. Another example would be the number Of times an employee or group Of employees were tardy and/or absent. The important limitations are that the data must be in arms Of either counts or costs. The data can not be in terms that cant be added, such as percent yields or error rates. Count data is also referred to as attribute data. Typically, a person will count the number of times a condition is observed in a given sample from the process. It is different from measurement data in its resolution. Attribute data has less resolution, since there would be a count only if something occurs rather than measuring the event being observed. For example, attributes data for absenteeism might include the number of times an employee was late for work. Whereas variables data for the same process might be the measurement of the number of minutes the employee reported late for work. Consequently, attributes data generally provides less information than measurement (variables) data would for the same process, Therefore, for attributes data, it would generally not be able to predict if the process is trending towards an undesirable state, since it is already in this condition, Praetor analysis is one way to determine the major causes of particular problems. While it has mostly been used by quality assurance people and others n the quality movement, Praetor analysis is also useful for organizational development. Typically, Praetor analysis is used both to begin problem solving and to identify root causes of problems. The root cause being the basic underlying issue causing the problem. This is opposed to the apparent issue which may in itself, be caused by something else. To clarify by example, replacing a defective voltage regulator Which is allowing batteries to be damaged, rather than simply replacing the batteries. Praetor charts are useful because most problems tend to come from one or NON processes or components, rather Han from a large number of causes. As described earlier, a Praetor chart is simply a histogram, where the horizontal axis shows categories (process or material problems); the vertical Y axis shows the number or proportion of incidents. The vertical axis shows the cumulative percentage of incidents. Each bar in the graph shows the proportion of errors caused by each issue or process. The hard part of constructing Praetor charts is generally collecting the information to be used in the chart. Categories of information must be established, along with their incidence. They generally are set up in descending order, so that the most common issue or process shows up first. The categories should be specific enough to be actionable. If no clear cause appears, one can change the categories to see if new conclusions are possible. To review, Praetor charts are a decision making tool used to identify elements of a problem. The first step is to identify the group of items that are to be charted and sorted, Then create a few major groupings, Identify the unit of measurement. All items on the chart must be measurable by this unit, i. E. Number of days absent. Determine the time frame or period of measurement. Measure the items accurately. Sort the items into size order with the largest measure positions closest to the vertical axis. A large number Of smaller units can be lumped into a special category named other to avoid complexity. Plot the vertical bars With the largest bar on the left side. Then interpret the results and make a decision based on the results. Should there be no clear highest bar another Praetor chart can be created using a different set of measurements or items. Common sense should be utilized when interpreting Praetor charts because sororities the highest bars are tot always the best action items.